The erosion of protected markets (e.g., the taxi industry), licensed occupations (e.g., real estate), knowledge monopolies (e.g., news media, higher education), and shared expectations (e.g., the right to repair one’s own devices, appliances, and vehicles) under the influence of large technology firms is not inevitable, but the product of political and legal choices. These market reorganizations can, in some respects, be desirable: They may enhance efficiency, broaden inclusion, and reflect genuine commitments to fairness.
Yet, they have also concentrated economic power and wealth on an unprecedented scale, deepened social divisions, and eroded privacy and solidarity.
Only a political economy approach can grapple with the specific institutional arrangements that sustain the development of this constantly shifting sociotechnical ground, as well as attend carefully to its broader outcomes.